What does the dead load include in the context of building design?

The dead load in the context of building design consists of the weight of permanent structural components, which includes entities that are fixed in place and do not change over time. This encompasses elements like beams, columns, floors, roofs, walls, and any stationary fixtures that contribute to the overall stability and strength of the structure. Understanding dead loads is critical for engineers and architects, as these loads are constant forces that the structure must support throughout its lifespan.

In contrast, movable furniture, human occupants, and exterior decorations are not considered part of the dead load. Movable furniture falls under live loads, as its weight can vary based on what is currently present in the space. Human occupants also belong to live loads for similar reasons, as their presence and number can fluctuate over time. Exterior decorations are usually not considered fixed in the same sense as structural components and may also change or be removed. Therefore, identifying dead load accurately is essential for ensuring the safety and integrity of a building’s design.